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This discussion of the dental amalgam controversy outlines the debate over whether dental amalgam (the "silver" in dental fillings) should be used. Supporters claim that it is safe, effective and long-lasting while critics argue that claims have been made since the 1840s that amalgam is unsafe because it may cause mercury poisoning and other toxicity.〔〔〔 For this reason, some critics say that, even if amalgam was used in the past, it should now be discontinued. Those who are not opposed to the use of amalgam point out that it is safe, durable,〔 relatively inexpensive, and easy to use.〔 On average, amalgam last twice as long as resin composites, take less time to place, is tolerant of saliva or blood contamination during placement (unlike composites), and are often about 20-30% less expensive.〔 Consumer Reports has suggested that many who claim dental amalgam is not safe, are "prospecting for disease" and using pseudoscience to scare patients into more lucrative treatment options.〔 Those opposed to amalgam suggest that modern composites are improving in strength.〔 In addition to their claims of possible health and ethical issues, opponents of dental amalgam fillings claim amalgam fillings contribute to mercury contamination of the environment. The World Health Organization reports that health care facilities, including dental offices, account for as much as 5% of total waste water mercury emissions.〔 They also point out that amalgam separators, installed in the waste water lines of many dental offices, dramatically decrease the release of mercury into the public sewer system〔 but critics say that the separators are not mandatory in some states of the United States.〔 The critics also point to cremation of dental fillings as an additional source of air pollution, contributing about 1% of total global emissions.〔 It is the position of the FDI World Dental Federation〔 as well as numerous dental associations and dental public health agencies worldwide〔〔〔〔〔〔〔 that amalgam restorations are safe and effective. In addition, numerous other organizations have publicly declared the safety and effectiveness of amalgam and warned the public against those who suggest otherwise. These include the Mayo clinic,〔 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),〔 Health Canada,〔 Alzheimer's Association,〔 American Academy of Pediatrics,〔 Autism Society of America,〔 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,〔 National Multiple Sclerosis Society,〔 New England Journal of Medicine,〔 International Journal of Dentistry,〔 National Council Against Health Fraud,〔 The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research NIDCR,〔 American Cancer Society,〔 Lupus Foundation of America,〔 the American College of Medical Toxicology,〔 the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, Consumer Reports〔 Prevention Magazine,〔 and WebMD.〔 == History == (詳細はNational Museum of Dentistry John Miller Hyson, Jr., Dental amalgam has had a long history and global impact.〔 It was first introduced in the Chinese materia medica of Su Kung back in 659 A.D. during the Tang Dynasty.〔 In Europe, Johannes Stockerus, a municipal physician in Ulm, Germany, recommended amalgam as a filling material in 1528.〔 In 1818, Parisian physician Louis Nicolas Regnart added one-tenth by weight of mercury to the fusable metals used as fillings at the time to create a temporarily soft metal alloy at room temperature; thus, amalgam (an alloy of mercury with another metal or metals, from the French word amalgame) was invented. This was further perfected in 1826, when Auguste Taveau of Paris used a silver paste made from mixing French silver-tin coins with mercury, which offered more plasticity and a quicker setting time.〔 In Europe, prior to 1818, carious teeth were either filled with a melted metal, usually gold or silver (which would often lead to death of the nerve of the tooth from thermal trauma), or the tooth would be extracted.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dental amalgam controversy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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